The Bottom Line
A nonsmoker can expect to be exposed to some tobacco smoke in many types of outdoor pubs, cafes, and restaurants, even if only a single cigarette is active. In some cases, appreciable exposure can still occur out to 10+ feet, and when there are more smokers present, being up to 50 feet or more from tables of smokers would be required to avoid exposure.
Dr. Wayne R. Ott - pioneer in the field of human exposure
Dr. Neil E. Klepeis - long-time secondhand smoke research scientist
James L. Repace - international secondhand smoke expert
Dr. Lance A. Wallace - pioneer in the field of human exposure
U.S. Surgeon General - Report on health consequences of exposure to secondhand smoke
ETS Exposure and Outdoor ETS - California Air Resources Board info pages
ETS Documents and Notices - OEHAA California government site
Smoke Free Homes - USEPA federal government site
SimSmoke.Org - simulate exposure to tobacco smoke
ExposureScience.Org - research articles, reports, and software
ExposureAnalysis.Org - resources for students